JHARKHAND
DISCOVER THE SCENIC BEAUTY AND INCREDIBLE CULTURE
Jharkhand, often referred to as 'the land of forests,' is a state nestled in eastern India, bordered by West Bengal, Chhattisgarh, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and Odisha. With its vibrant culture and diverse landscape, it ranks as the 15th largest state in terms of area and 14th largest by population.
Ranchi is the capital of the state, while Dumka is a sub-capital. Known for its enchanting waterfalls, scenic hills, and revered holy sites like Baidyanath Dham, Parasnath, Dewri, and Rajrappa, Jharkhand beckons pilgrims and nature enthusiasts alike.
Despite being blessed with abundant mineral resources, the state faces challenges such as poverty and malnutrition, with over 40% of its population living below the poverty line and nearly 20% of children under five years suffering from malnutrition.
Jharkhand remains predominantly rural, with only about a quarter of its populace residing in urban areas.
In this article, we will explore the rich tapestry of Jharkhand, from its captivating landscapes to its socio-economic challenges.
The name "Jharkhand" has its roots in the ancient languages of India, where "Jhar" means 'forest' and "Khand" translates to 'land.' Thus, the term "Jharkhand" signifies 'forest land.'
In historical records, the region was referred to as Kark Khand in the Mahabharata due to its proximity to the Tropic of Cancer. During medieval times, it became known as Jharkhand.
References to Jharkhand can be traced back to ancient texts like the Bhavishya Purana and archaeological findings such as a 13th-century copper plate in the Odisha region.
Historical Overview
The area was once a part of various empires, including the Nanda, Maurya, and Gupta dynasties. The region has a rich heritage dating back to the Mesolithic and Chalcolithic periods, as evidenced by cave paintings and stone tools discovered in the Chota Nagpur Plateau.
Over the centuries, Jharkhand saw the rule of different kingdoms, including Nagvanshi, Pala, Khayaravala, Ramgarh Raj, and Chero rulers during the medieval period.
Later, during the Mughal era, it experienced invasions and subjugation. The British East India Company's colonisation in the 18th and 19th centuries led to spontaneous resistance movements among the local people, culminating in the Indian Rebellion of 1857.
Post-independence, the demand for a separate state of Jharkhand gained momentum, leading to its formation on November 15, 2000. Today, Jharkhand faces challenges such as the Naxalite-Maoist insurgency, driven by issues of resource exploitation, poverty, and social inequality.
Despite its abundant natural resources, the state continues to grapple with developmental issues, with a significant portion of its population living in poverty.
Jharkhand, situated in the eastern part of India, is bordered by West Bengal to the east, Chhattisgarh and Uttar Pradesh to the west, Bihar to the north, and Odisha to the south.
Covering an area of 79,716 square kilometres, much of Jharkhand lies on the Chota Nagpur Plateau, with numerous rivers traversing its landscape, including the Damodar, North Koel, Barakar, South Koel, Sankh, and Subarnarekha.
Geography, Climate, and Biodiversity
The region boasts a diverse climate, ranging from humid subtropical to tropical wet and dry, with distinct seasons of summer, rainy, autumn, winter, and spring.
Noteworthy hills and mountain ranges include Parasnath, Netarhat, Rajmahal, Trikut, and Tagore Hill, each holding cultural or ecological significance. Jharkhand's main rivers include the Ganga, Son, Subarnarekha, Kharkai, Damodar, North Koel, South Koel, Lilajan, Ajay, Mayurakshi, and Barakar.
The state's flora and fauna thrive in its national parks and zoological gardens, with the Palamau Tiger Reserve standing out as a testament to its rich biodiversity, encompassing mammals, snakes, lizards, fish, insects, birds, seed-bearing plants and trees, shrubs and herbs, climbers, parasites and semi-parasites, and grasses and bamboos.
Jharkhand, with a population of 32.96 million as per the 2011 Indian Census, displays a diverse demographic makeup. The sex ratio is 947 females per 1,000 males. The literacy rate stands at approximately 67.63%, with Ranchi district leading at 77.13%, contrasting with rural Pakur district at 50.17%.
Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up significant portions of the population, with 12.08% and 26.21%, respectively, concentrated mainly in southwestern districts like Simdega, Khunti, and Gumla.
Linguistically, Jharkhand is diverse, with Hindi as the official language. Regional languages like Nagpuri, Khortha, and Kurmali thrive alongside Hindi.
Religious diversity is evident, with Hinduism predominant at 67.8%, followed by Islam at 14.5%, Christianity at 4.3%, and indigenous faiths like Sarnaism at 12.8%. This diverse mix of demographics and cultures contributes to the vibrant identity of Jharkhand.
Jharkhand's governance is structured with the governor as the constitutional head, appointed by the President of India, while the chief minister and cabinet hold real executive power.
The ruling political party or coalition in the Legislative Assembly forms the government. The chief secretary oversees the bureaucracy, comprising officials from various administrative services.
The judiciary, led by the Chief Justice, operates through the High Court established in 2000, situated in the capital, Ranchi.
Originally formed with 18 districts from south Bihar, Jharkhand now boasts 24 districts, with administrative divisions including Palamu, North Chotanagpur, South Chotanagpur, Kolhan, and Santhal Pargana. Notably, all districts except Lohardaga and Khunti share borders with neighbouring states.
Major cities like Jamshedpur, Dhanbad, and Ranchi serve as economic and administrative hubs, embodying the state's dynamic character and growth.
Jharkhand's economy, with a gross domestic product estimated at ₹3.83 lakh crore (US$48 billion) in 2020–21, showcases its rich mineral wealth and diverse industrial landscape.
The state boasts significant deposits of minerals like iron ore, coal, copper ore, mica, and bauxite, among others, making it a crucial hub for industries such as steel, coal, and mining.
Notably, Tata Steel, a prominent conglomerate, has its corporate office and main plant in Tatanagar, contributing significantly to the state's economy.
Economic Landscape
Agriculture also plays a vital role, with farmers cultivating crops like rice, wheat, maize, and vegetables.
Additionally, initiatives like the Jharkhand Silk Textile and Handicraft Development Corporation (Jharcraft) promote local sericulture and weaving, fostering economic growth and employment opportunities.
With a burgeoning urban population and emerging sectors like IT, Jharkhand continues to evolve as a key player in India's economic landscape.
Jharkhand's rich cultural tapestry is reflected in its diverse cuisine, folk traditions, festivals, and art forms. Staple foods like rice, dal, and vegetables dominate local cuisine, accompanied by unique dishes such as Chhilka Roti, Malpua, and Bamboo Shoot-based delicacies.
The region's culinary heritage also includes the use of Rugra and Putoo mushrooms, harvested during the rainy season, and local alcoholic drinks like Handia and Mahua daru, enjoyed during social gatherings.
Cultural Heritage of Jharkhand
Folk music and dance play a significant role in Jharkhand's cultural landscape, with vibrant performances like Jhumair, Chhau, and Santali dance captivating audiences. The state celebrates a plethora of festivals, each steeped in tradition and spirituality, like Sarhul, Sohrai, and Durga Puja.
Art forms like Sohrai and Khovar paintings, depicting rural life and rituals, showcase the artistic prowess of local women. Additionally, tattoo making, known as Godna, is an integral part of the region's cultural identity.
Jharkhand's cinema industry, often referred to as Jhollywood, contributes to the preservation of regional languages and tribal narratives through films produced in languages like Nagpuri, Khortha, and Santali, adding another layer to its vibrant cultural mosaic.
Media in Jharkhand comprises a variety of television channels, newspapers, and radio stations catering to the diverse needs of the population.
DD Jharkhand holds significance as a prominent channel in the region, while All India Radio broadcasts from Ranchi.
Leading Hindi newspapers such as Hindustan, Dainik Jagran, and Prabhat Khabar, along with English dailies like The Hindu and The Times of India, contribute to the vibrant media landscape of the state.
In terms of transportation, Jharkhand boasts a well-developed air network, with Birsa Munda Airport serving as the primary domestic terminal, connecting major cities like Delhi, Kolkata, and Mumbai. Additionally, Deoghar and Jamshedpur operate as crucial aviation hubs, enhancing connectivity within and beyond the state.
The road infrastructure is robust, with an extensive network of National Highways facilitating seamless travel. Notably, Jharkhand is traversed by the Golden Quadrilateral, enhancing connectivity along the Delhi-Kolkata route.
While being landlocked, Jharkhand envisions a multi-modal port at Sahebganj along the Ganges River, enhancing trade and transportation opportunities. Railway connectivity is also robust, with numerous stations and junctions facilitating efficient movement of goods and passengers across the state's diverse terrain.
Jharkhand's literacy rate, as of 2011, stands at 66.41%, with notable gender disparities. Efforts by the Jharkhand Education Project Council (JEPC) have improved elementary education accessibility, with 95% of children aged 6-11 enrolled in school. Notable institutions like St. Thomas School and Delhi Public School contribute significantly to education.
Jharkhand boasts a rich sports culture, with cricket, hockey, and football being prominent. Notable sports personalities like Mahendra Singh Dhoni, Jaipal Singh, and Deepika Kumari have brought international recognition to the state.
The JRD TATA Sports Complex in Jamshedpur serves as a hub for various sporting events, hosting football matches of the Indian Super League and nurturing talents in cricket and hockey.
However, Jharkhand faces challenges in public health, including tuberculosis (TB) and fluorosis. Institutions like Itki TB Sanatorium and Tata Main Hospital are pivotal in managing these ailments, but overall healthcare infrastructure needs improvement for better access.
Initiatives to address issues like fluoride contamination in groundwater are ongoing, with collaborative efforts between institutions like the Birla Institute of Technology and UNICEF emphasising interdisciplinary approaches to tackle health problems.
Jharkhand beckons visitors with its diverse attractions, including religious landmarks like Parasnath and Baidyanath Dham, revered for their spiritual significance.
The Tattapani Hot Water Spring near Latehar offers therapeutic benefits, while historical sites like Itkhori and Rankini Temple in Jadugora showcase the state's cultural heritage.
Tourism Gems
Nature lovers flock to picturesque waterfalls such as Jonha Falls and Hundru Falls, while Netarhat charms with its hill station allure. Wildlife enthusiasts can explore Betla National Park and Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary.
The State Museum Hotwar and Tribal Research Institute and Museum provide insights into Jharkhand's tribal culture.
In conclusion, Jharkhand stands as a multifaceted tapestry, woven with threads of rich culture, diverse demographics, and natural splendour. From its captivating landscapes to its socio-economic challenges, the state embodies a blend of tradition and modernity.
Therefore, in exploring Jharkhand, one discovers not just a land of forests, but a land of myriad experiences and stories waiting to be uncovered.
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